Macro-level determinants of nature connectedness: An exploratory analysis of 61 countries

Nature connectedness is increasingly recognised as a causal issue in environmental crises and a powerful
strategy for transformative change. However, little is known about how it varies across countries and the
macro-level factors that influence the human–nature  relationship at a societal level. Using a large dataset
from 61 countries, this study explored how both objective country-level indicators of the socio-ecological context and subjective country-level indicators of socio-political values were related to nature
connectedness. Using linear, factor, and network analysis, several objective (urbanicity and business environment) and subjective country indicators (scientific and religious values) were significantly associated with nature connectedness. These and other factors are combined into a proposed conceptual model of key macro-factors in the human–nature relationship which have significant interest and can inform future research and policy initiatives